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Rivals weakened all kings, who were unable to command the allegiance that all monarchs needed. From 1460, all monarchs had rivals with competing claims to the Crown. The wars played a part in the power struggles of France and Burgundy. They launched a series of invasions against England, four of which were successful. Opponents of each regime repeatedly sheltered in Calais, France, and/or in Ireland, or they were given shelter by the rulers of Burgundy, France, or Scotland. The political and financial weaknesses of the Crown were compounded by the political activism of the Commons, who rebelled in 14 in numbers beyond those that any monarch proved capable of resisting. The wars constituted a period of exceptional instability marked by dozens of violent episodes. Yorkist contenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck threatened Henry VII’s hold on the throne until 1499 and others did so beyond that date. 1483–1485), who was overthrown at the battle of Bosworth in 1485 by Henry Tudor, who reigned as Henry VII (r.

Following Edward IV’s death and the succession of his son Edward V, in 1483, the throne was usurped by Edward’s uncle, Richard III (r. Edward recovered his throne at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. 1471) made Henry VI briefly king again (the Readeption, 1470–1471). His reign was punctuated by a Second War, in which Warwick the Kingmaker (d. 1461–1483), the first Yorkist king, decisively defeated the Lancastrians in 1461. York was killed at the battle of Wakefield. 1460), became a dynastic rival in 1460: the Yorkist rival to the Lancastrians. Starting from reform against what were regarded as corrupt and treasonable evil councilors, Richard, Duke of York (d.

Following the acute crisis of 1450, a kaleidoscope of short-term shocks occurred, notably Henry VI’s madness (1453–1455) and the first battle of St. The wars developed during the reign of King Henry VI (1422–1461) and they stemmed from the loss of the Hundred Years’ War, the consequent near-bankruptcy of successive governments, and the deepest point of the economic slump following the Black Death in 1348. The Wars of the Roses is the 19th-century name given to the English civil wars fought roughly between 14.

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